East-Asian Crisis Essay Example for Free

East-Asian Crisis Essay Has state played a leading role in upgrading technologies in Asia Pacific? Answer with reference to relevant theories and use comparative country or corporate examples. Introduction: The state is a lever that navigates economic process. It is managed by the country government which consists of all educational, socio-cultural, economical and geographical factors. The national innovation systems in Asia have a great significance in the process of technology adjustment (the national institutions, their incentive structures and their competencies, that determine the rate and direction of technological learning (or the volume and composition of change generating activities) in a country. † (Patel and Pavitt (1994: 79)) (4) It sustains governmental institutions and forms economic conditions and opportunities. It influences a market by all restrictions and policies which navigate all import and export activities. The Asia Pacific region includes one of the most economically developed countries in the world. According to academic articles(8) developmental states as South Korea, Japan and Taiwan quickened their industrialisation in order to synchronise their economies with globalisation growth. From a historical perspective South Asia went through enormous industrial and state transformation after 2nd World War till the beginning of 21st century. An effective industrialisation process created the need of upgrading technologies and expanding business relations so to sustain the Asian competitive advantage and stabilise its economy. Furthermore a governmental institutional reform appeared to be essential element of the whole adjustment stage. The â€Å"tiger†(9) economies of Hong Kong and Singapore (plus these of South Korea and Taiwan) impressively adapted to balanced level of navigating their market and a â€Å"miracle† GDP growth followed. Examining the transformation processes in these economies creates an objective view of how the state influenced changes in technologies and why it has such a significant part in the East-Asian success. Body: The developmental states Japan: The process of industrialisation is a key developmental factor. It emerged in the beginning of the 20th century by the development of four machine industries: the rolling stock, spinning and weaving machines, machine tools and electric machinery(5)Between all of them the government held strongest influence on the rolling stock-a sub railway system which is an official representative of the system, having trade responsibility and negotiates with suppliers(6).The JNR(Japanese National Railway) policy changed after the 1950s and the private sector started managing its policies with governmental assistance. The rolling stock trading process established the Japanese co-operation with West-European suppliers. Essential approaches like government’s guidance in applying industrial policy, adjustment in labour-management relations, tolerating entrepreneurial firms seen as innovators instead of the zaibatsu-structured equivalents, were taken (3).The mentioned events , concerning Japanese technology adjusting, show the strong relation between state policies and technology level . The state itself is the agent which drives all innovations by the power of its policies and regulations. It played a main role in the factory legislation. Women workers needed protection and they could only receive it by governmental intervention. A report by AAB(Agricultural Affairs Bureau) in 1900 confirmed the negative affect of night shifts onto labour efficiency and technical progress. By taking in consideration this example the state role can be considered as more than crucial. It maintains the economy growth by securing its population conditions (human rights; socio-cultural perspective).In this way it sustains the workforce of the country, which is a main element of stabilising competitive advantage. Despite the fact that most economic articles stress on the â€Å"Japanese Miracle†(1) as a significant period of technology updating and state-system adjustment, the pioneers in technology investment appeared in the Meiji period. These businessmen founded a significant process which contributed to the rapid economic growth after World War II. Japanese role in the Electro-chemical industry has massively influenced the power of Japanese Army. Scientifically educated employees contributed for a better business analysis and strategies. A continuous growth is achieved when a government is concerned both for its trading power and socio-educational system. If both elements are properly maintained a country is able to sustain its competitive status worldwide as its observed in the Japanese case of Toyota-one of the most successful car manufacturer’s. â€Å"The key to the Toyota Way and what makes Toyota stand out is not any of the individual elements. But what is important is having all the elements together as a system. It must be practiced every day in a very consistent manner—not in spurts†(11) Toyota is a great example of brilliant cooperation between increasing labour efficiency and adjustin g technology system. Toyota took some fruitful approaches from the Western European managerial model and kept its unique values from the Japanese culture. It is observed that the more an Asian industry is independent from the state the better it adapts to the global business environment. State policies founded initial basis of the most important Asian features that should be taken and not changed in the business-cycle of a company. Toyota managed to follow the roots of the Japanese â€Å"know how† and at the same time keeps attracting professionals from all over the world in order to sustain its competitive advantage. Furthermore as a modern massive share-holder in different sectors it transformed into customer-oriented company targeting more market segments and reassuring to keep the demand of current customers. This is just one of the many great Japanese examples of sustaining a global market share. It can be stated that the more globalisation expands the higher is the need of rapid adaptation m ethods. Strongly centralised firms should transfer into more de-centralised strategic schemes if they want to achieve bigger success on a international level. Korea: From historical perspective Korea was controversially affected by both US (United States-South Korea) and the USSR(Union of Souviet Socialist Rebubplics-North Korea)During the Rhy government period(7) Korea focused on two massive industrial sectors: consumer goods and construction. After the Korean War (1950-1953) they become leading suppliers in these niches. Collaboration between the’’chaebols’’-â€Å"a group of companies, owed by a specific family, has centralised control and business in different industries that are not directly interrelated†((10)Korean Managerial Dynamics p.29) and the state can be considered as a main reason for the rapid industrialisation in the 1960s.The earlier establishment of cartels( Flour Mill, Sugar and Spinning Manufacturers)and corrupted Japanese and American support contributed to the chaebol growth. Hyundai is the major Korean constructor, which used to sustain and still does the Korean economy. Between 1940s and 1970s the ‘’chaebol’’ transformed into a large-multidivisional private system which expanded its business sectors. In this way the new system created economies of scale under a centralised management strategy. The renovated state policies enhanced the labour force and implemented the export industrialisation strategy. In order to (2)The chaebol business structure created highly-controlled production in the 1970s by hiring managers which took the role of supervisors. In the 1980s the government prioritised the need of higher workforce independence. The state shaped the legal frame of Korea, while supporting the chaebol economic and interest policies.((2);p.3)After the KCTU(Korean Confederation of Trade Unions) was established a significant decrease in the chaebol monopolism was noticed. In 1974 a â€Å"concentration of economic power† emerged as a negative issue.(Korean Managerial Dynamics; Chung, Khae and Lee, Hak Chong p.16) The Ko rean bank was forced to take action due to its monopolistic strength: all private businesses provided information to the open capital market. All monopolistic and cartel structures were constricted from entering new markets. Expectedly or not the existing cartels sustained their barriers of entry. Despite the fact Korea was stimulating domestic manufacturing there was a lack of physical technology ability and it has no choice but looking for external â€Å"packaged technology†(Korean Business: Internal and External factors) –component parts, specialised details, product specifications, quality control and professional assistance. In 1980 this resulted in high-inflation rates. Four recovering movements were taken: better managing of market mechanisms and stabilising price levels (led to export of domestically manufactured technologies); transforming domestic monopolism to a free-competitive foreign markets (increasing of social welfare); encouraging foundation of small-medium businesses. It can be concluded that all state reforms derived from either political external or internal problems. The complicated internal reforms caused to a non-balanced upgrading processes. Korea needed a quick re-navigation and focus on catching up with Western Europe rivals. Good examples of chaebol companies are Samsung and Hyundai. Samsung (founded in 1938 (12))business group is the largest one in terms of annual sales-21 billion dollars in 1987 with 160,000 workers in 42 companies (10 p.29) It entered the insurance, security and enterprise sectors. Nowadays it possesses a major shares in electronics, chemical, construction, manufacturing, land development, service and technology markets. By a constant governmental navigation and assistance this great example of East-Asian conglomerate diversified its supply. While the state takes responsibility of providing well-educated and strong workforce the company itself is concerned of the trading process and constant technology upgrading. â€Å"When Samsung has difficulties in transferring technology, it relied on several different strategic avenues: seeking alternative sources of technology, buying it from financially troubled, small American firms; developing its own technology; or entering a consortium with other local competitors to develop technology†((15)â€Å"Korean Business: Internal and External Industrialisation†) By analysing this strategic approach an excellent decision-making skills are observed. The alternative of â€Å"buying† from American small firms shows that the Korean leader constantly generates cash flow in order to afford such activities in a critical moment. Even â€Å"consortium† schemes were made which shows the great adaptation to the market condition and to all supplying competitors. By competing in different markets and upgrading its business structure Samsung enhances Korean economic stability and competitiveness on international level. A leading competitive ad vantage of Samsung is the brilliant combination of price and quality. The possession of well-educated managers and continuously upgraded technology provides a great reputation of top gadget- producer. Taiwan: The favourable geographic location of the country between the Far-East and Southeast Asia made it a desirable trading place between Western Europe and Asia. Different rivals colonised it as well. Taiwan started its technological developmental in a later stage comparing to its bigger neighbours Japan and Korea. After the 1990s Taiwan became one of the leading ICT(Information and technology communications)suppliers(16)Its well-maintained Research and Development sector and patented technology are fair reasons of the current success. Chinese neoliberalism: A slower economic growth in China is observed comparing to the Japanese and Korean one. A high negative influence of the conserved socio-cultural environment is a main reason. The CFB(Chinese Family Business) internal managerial system has a closed-family ideology. There was a conflict between Chinese conservatism and Chinese world-economy adaptation. Its governmentally centralised system suffered lack of managerial professionalism. This introvert attitude of CFB to business created an obstacle for further technologic improvement because establishing new operational system needs well-educated navigators familiarised with the technology. Furthermore loosing the market trading processes of import and export was irreversible. Modernisation schemes were taken: increase of international trades and foundation of FDI(Foreign Direct Investment- investing in country A, by taking advantage of its geographical and labour conditions and controlling from country B which owns all assets and benefit the bigger prt of the incentive) , which was quite beneficial strategy both for China and Japan. It was necessary to minimise the cultural interference and radically involve western techniques. By focusing onto micro-level variables as behaviour China kept losing its macro level of structural and technological competitiveness. The strong communism affected negatively on both industrialisation and technology adjustment. Recent technology-transfer Laws in the Asia Pacific: Setting up Transfer Laws has essential role in the whole Asia-Pacific trade legitimacy. They also determine the significance of technologies and how they are used in a more effective way. In China a warmer attitude to foreign companies is observed. Its entry into the WTO(World Trade Organisation) encouraged cross-continental transfers. In 1999 China accepted the UCL(Unified Contract Law) which gave more freedom by license agreement which can be signed between partners and fasten all transfers. In 2003 The Ministry of Commerce was founded as well as new three-type technology categorisation: prohibited, restricted or permitted. The foundation of such institutions was a necessity in order to exclude all wasting money and time processes, which is both beneficial for suppliers and buyers. The determinant of accepting import transfer is whether it will enhance China’s technological improvement. Furthermore it should not be an environmental and security constraint. Equivalent technology licences(legal and contractual) were formed in Japan. In April 2004 the National University Corporation Law was accepted, providing bigger educational independence which enhances the social welfare and gives more opportunities to young individuals specialise their skills into different sectors. Historically observed, South-Korea always had strictly controlled technology-licensing system in order to preserve newly-founded firms from their out-boundaries rivals and ensures continuous development. Co-operation between education and management led the Asian Pacific to a top place in the technology world. The laws approved in the end of 20th century were turned into a new transfer law in the 21st century. The FIPA(Foreign Investment Promotion Act) is in charge of all foreign investment s. It is an autonomous institution which has the power to simplify and navigate all import activities for the sake of higher country incentive. Its strategy is to attract investment and sustain competitive international advantage. The Monopoly Regulation and FTA(Fair Trade act )(Hill,2006)(19) Conclusion: While the Asia Pacific was struggling to escape out of its cultural constraints and its isolated business system during the first half of the 20th century, it appeared that it adapted rapidly through the second half of the century. It went under serious governmental and structural transforms. It seems that the Asian recovery period after the Second World War was far away more intensive and successful comparing to some European countries. From 1990 to 1997 Asia generated over one-third of the global value-added production by high-technology production industries, higher to the the European and US shares.(13) Investments in the Research and Development sector are significant for successf ul technology adjustment. The establishment of new universities and modifying their educational systems provide scientists and intelligent individuals who can operate and cope with the technology process. The importance of conserving culture-oriented models is of the same sensuality as expanding growth on international level. The Asian ambition of establishing leadership in important world industries contributed to its success. Although there were huge periods of struggling adapting new managerial work-plans the â€Å"tiger economies† managed to survive during tough war and reform periods. Even not really friendly-orientated of cooperating between each other Asian economy survived because of the common adaptation strength and control of markets. The connection between the state and business was not simply one of interference or direction by the state of the market. â€Å"It was rather a positive partnership involving many connections between entities† (Johnson,1997)A geographical advantage of more isolated location in the world enhanced the Asian state independence and its technology orientation. Obviously the bigger sized Asian economies like China and Japan overtook cultural and religion influence.They started their recovering processes more rapidly comparing to the late-comer economies of Korea, Taiwan and Malaysia.(Warner,2007) Bibliography: 1. Maidement, R., Mackerras C., (1998) Culture and Society In The Asia-Pacific, United Kingdom: Routledge 2. Rowley, C., Bae, J., (1998) Korean Business Internal and External Industrialization, Chippenham: Antony Rowe Ltd. 3. Yui, T., Nakagawa, (1989) Japanese Management in Historical Perspective, Japan: University of Tokyo Press 4. Kwon, S., O’Donnell, M., (2001) The Chaebol and Labour in Korea The development of managmenet strategy in Hyundai, Oxon: Routledge 5. Rowley, C., Warner, M., (2009) Management in South-East Asia Business Culture, Enterprises and Human Resources, Oxfordshire: Routledge 6. Chung, K., Lee H., (1989) Korean Managerial Dynamics, New York: Praeger 7. The Japanese Miracle, http://www.japanese123.com/japanesemiracle.htm Date accessed 2/12/2012 8. Borisova, N., (2011) The market, the state, and the culture in economic development in Asia, http://nataliaborisova.hubpages.com/hub/market-state-culture-asia Date accessed 2/12/2012 9. (2004)Four The Rise of the Regions: Fiscal Reform and the Decline of Central State Capacity i n China 10. http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft5g50071kchunk.id=d0e3492toc.depth=100brand=ucpress Date accessed 2/12/2012 11. Wu Y., (2004) The China Quarty, Volume 177, pp 91-114 12. Samsung History, http://www.samsung-mobiles.net/history-of-samsung.html Date accessed 3/12/2012 13. Taiwan’s Technology Industry Marks Global Success http://www.forbescustom.com/DiversityPgs/UnityFirst/3_4_09/UFNAACPTaiwanTechP1.html Date accessed 4/12/2012 http://www.pom.ir/wp-content/uploads/PDF/book/The%20Toyota%20Way.pdf 14. http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf07319/pdf/nsf07319.pdf 15. http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr41/pdf/f14_miz.pdf 16. http://www.economist.com/node/13649520 17. 10) 18. Hill, D., 2006, â€Å"Developments in Asia†,The Licensing Journal

Aquaria In Relation To Science :: essays research papers

The hobby of fish keeping is much more difficult than it seems. It is also directly dependant on science. The bacterial cycle is one aspect related to science. As is how different filters work. Water conditions such as temperature, ph, and salinity play a big role in successful fish keeping as well. Science and Fish keeping go hand in hand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a tank is first started fish waste and excess food begins to decompose at the bottom. One type of bacteria breaks it down to ammonia, which is highly poisonous to fish. Then a second type of bacteria breaks down the ammonia to nitrites, nitrites are also moderately poisonous to fish in small amounts. Lastly a third type of bacteria converts nitrites to nitrates which are not harmful to fish but build up to toxic amounts generally within a few months. That is why 20% water changes every two weeks is essential to healthy fish keeping. It generally takes a tank 21 days to cycle. During those 21 days there are 3 days where the ammonia spikes to a large amount and 2 days later on when nitrites spike generally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are 2 types of filtration for fish tanks biological and mechanical. Biological is what I spoke about in the previous paragraph. Those bacteria grow best on objects besides gravel. That is why having plastic plants and other dà ©cor in the tank doesn’t just make the tank look nice but also give the bacteria a better place to grow. Mechanical filtration aids in biological filtration in two ways, the water is filtered through a medium that helps dissolve the ammonia and nitrites into smaller pieces easier for the bacteria to convert, and filter out bigger objects from the water such as excess food. Generally the filter media is activated carbon within a floss cartridge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ph value in a tank doesn’t generally matter for basic to medium aquarium hobbyist. As long as it is between 6.5 and 7.2, ph ranges from acidic to base water. Some fish however like higher more acidic ph values, where as some fish are very stressed in acidic water and are more susceptible to disease and death. Temperature is very important to maintain to a certain extent. Most tropical and salt-water fish enjoy temperatures from 68 °F-78 °F. It is essential to have a heater in your tank to maintain the temperature. Salinity is important to monitor and control in salt water tanks.

The global warming

Global Heating: A Man-made ProblemMany old ages in the yesteryear there was contention over whether planetary heating was genuinely happening. Over this period many different scientists have done many trials and experiments which have proven that planetary heating is a fact non a theory. Now that planetary heating has been proven true, there is a argument over whether it is caused by natural happenings or semisynthetic patterns. In the docudrama, Inconvenient Truth wrote by former Vice president Al Gore, it explains and provides grounds that planetary heating is a semisynthetic job. Harmonizing to Fred Singer ‘s and Dennis Avery ‘s book, Unstoppable Global Warming, planetary heating and chilling seem to be portion of a 1,500-year rhythm of moderate temperature swings and human activities are non the primary cause of planetary heating. Although some think that Global heating is merely a portion of the Earth ‘s natural rhythm, I agree with Al Gore, that planetary heat ing is caused by worlds ‘ actions for several grounds: 1 ) We use many of the Earth ‘s resources really heedlessly and inefficiently. 2 ) Our abuse of fossil fuels emits dozenss of C dioxide in the air doing dire alterations around the universe. 3 ) The increasing population of the universe makes the earth work harder than it should to keep all of the people in it. One indispensable ground why I think planetary heating is a semisynthetic job is because people use the Earth ‘s natural resources prodigally. For illustration, when we burn and cut down woods for paper, wood or to do room for people to populate, we are lending to planetary heating. Harmonizing to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, trees absorb C dioxide from the air, which is one of the nursery gases that are absorbed by the ambiance. By taking the trees away the C dioxide that could hold been absorbed by the trees will merely travel into the ambiance ( USEPA ) . When C dioxide or other nursery gases get absorbed by the ambiance they trap heat in the lower ambiance that goes back down to the Earth. When there is big sum of the nursery gases in the ambiance it can do excess warming of the Earth ( Inconvenient ) . Another natural resource that we take advantage of is our dirt. When we have our refuse taken to elephantine landfills we are making more injury to our planet than we know. Harmonizing to Brian Ladd, a member of Eco-Cycle ‘s Community Action Team, when waste under the land starts disintegrating it do methane gas to ooze to the surface and enters the lower ambiance. Methane is a powerful nursery gas that is twenty one times more effectual at pin downing radiant heat than C dioxide ( Ladd ) . We need to take a good expression at how efficaciously we are utilizing natural resources because we are utilizing them faster than nature can bring forth them. Beside the natural resources above, there is one resource that we use wholly irresponsibly. That resource is fossil fuels, which are the primary subscribers to planetary heating. Fossil fuels are made of organic affair such as coal or oil. We burn fossil fuels everyday when we drive our autos, and create electricity in our places. When you burn fossil fuels it releases C dioxide. Harmonizing to Inconvenient Truth, in 650,000 old ages the C dioxide degree had ne'er gone supra 300 parts per million. Harmonizing to Anne Waple, the Communications Manager at the Climate Change Science Program Office, Today, degrees are greater than 380 ppm and increasing at a rate of 1.9 ppm yr-1 since 2000 ( Waple ) . The IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenario stated that by the terminal of the twenty-first century, we could anticipate to see CO2 degrees between 490 to 1260 ppm ( Waple ) . These high degrees of C dioxide cause the thaw of glaciers around the universe. For illustration, the Himalaya â⠂¬Ëœs Glaciers provide imbibing H2O for 40 per centum of the people on Earth ( Inconvenient ) . If the glaciers keep runing at such a rapid rate there will be a deficit of H2O. Since more glaciers everyplace are runing off it will do the sea degrees to lift. ( Inconvenient ) Harmonizing to Inconvenient Truth, if Greenland melted topographic points such Florida, San Francisco Bay, and Manhattan would be submerged. The authorities needs to take planetary warming more earnestly because if this happened it would be to lay waste toing. Though burning fossil fuels is the primary cause of planetary heating, population would merely do the effects of planetary heating greater. Do n't you believe if we have excessively many people on Earth we will make excessively much pollution for the Earth to manage? This is why population has become a factor in planetary heating. For blink of an eyes, more people means extra usage of transit, which causes the combustion of more fossil fuels. Larger populations besides mean a larger demand for H2O. There will besides be a bigger demand for nutrient ( Inconvenient ) . Most people in the universe are meat feeders which means we have to engender more cattles. Harmonizing to the Children ‘s British Broadcasting Company, cattles are a beginning of nutrient, and their flatuss and manure contains methane. â€Å"Just one cow gives off adequate harmful methane gas in a individual twenty-four hours to make full around 400 litre bottles, which is truly bad for the environment† ( CB BC ) . To keep all the people in the universe we have to go on doing room for people to populate. One manner we do this is by cutting and firing down woods. Thirty per centum of the C dioxide that goes up into the ambiance comes from forest combustion ( Waple ) . If we keep interfering with nature ‘s rhythms at that place might non be any rhythms to mess up after a piece. Even with all the grounds above Fred Singer and Dennis Avery believe that we have nil to make with the cause of planetary heating. They think that, â€Å"human-emitted CO2 ( C dioxide ) has played merely a minor function in it. Alternatively, the mild warming seems to be portion of a natural 1,500-year clime rhythm ( plus or minus 500 old ages ) that goes back at least one million years† ( Singer and Avery pg. 3 ) . In their book, they stated that ice nucleuss from Greenland and Antarctic ‘s Vostok Glacier showed the same 1,500-year rhythms ( Singer and Avery ) . Harmonizing to Inconvenient Truth, it is true that there was a mediaeval heating period and two others. If you were to compare the mediaeval heating period CO2 degrees with those of the other two, you would see that they fit closely together ( Inconvenient ) . If you were to compare today ‘s C dioxide degrees to the predating warming period ‘s degrees, you would see that our degrees are off the chart s ( Inconvenient ) . So what happened between so and now? It is obvious that we have done something to do the CO2 degrees so much higher than the old heating periods. Harmonizing to Emily Robinson, a imperativeness secretary at Union of Concerned Scientists, another thing that you should take in consideration is that Fred Singer is â€Å"affiliated† with no less than 11 â€Å"think tanks† and â€Å"associations† that have received support from ExxonMobil. ExxonMobil is the universe ‘s largest publically traded international oil and gas company. Singer ‘s ain â€Å"Science and Environmental Policy Project† ( SEPP ) has received $ 20,000 from ExxonMobil ( Robinson ) . Dennis Avery is a â€Å"Senior Fellow† for a â€Å"think tank† called the Hudson Institute. The Hudson Institute received $ 25,000 from ExxonMobil ( Robinson ) . It sounds to me like they are covering for ExxonMobil. Do you believe they are seeking to protect ExxonMob il to maintain the money coming in? Nice defense. More people need to look at all the grounds that proves we have contributed to the cause of planetary heating. We need to acknowledge that we are doing planetary heating by utilizing the Earth ‘s natural resources recklessly, breathing immense sums of carbon dioxide into the ambiance by firing fossil fuels, and seting force per unit area on the Earth and it resources by over populating. Although there has been other warming periods before our clip, today ‘s CO2 degrees are beyond comparing with old warming periods. The authorities should halt debating over what caused it and set some Torahs into consequence. There would be no injury in puting Torahs to assist the Earth. All it could make is assist the United States become a better topographic point to populate.Work CitedInconvenient Truth. Prod. Laurie David, et Al. Dir. Davis Guggenheim. Perf. Al Gore. Paramount, 2006. DVD.Waple, Anne. â€Å"NCDC: Global Warming.† National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2 0 Aug. 2008. Web. 30 Oct. 2009.Singer, Fred and Dennis Avery. Unstoppable Global Heating: Every 1,500 Old ages. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2008. Print.Robinson, Emily. â€Å"Exxon Exposed† Union of Concerned Scientists. 04 Aug 2008. Web. 07 Nov. 2009.â€Å"CBBC Newsround | Animals | Cow farts ‘harming the planet'† British Broadcasting Corporation. Web. 30 Oct. 2009.Ladd, Brian. â€Å"New Evidence Shows Landfills are Major Contributor to Global Warming.† Ecocycle Times. Web. 07 Nov. 2009.â€Å"We Can Make a Difference.† United States Environmental Protection Agency. 23 Oct. 2006. Web. 30 Oct. 2009Key for Color Coding ( please usage fount colour – non text highlight colour )The first beginning used as a voice in the conversation A 2nd beginning used as a new voice in the conversation The 3rd voice in the conversation The 4th voice in the conversation The 5th voice in the conversation The 6th voice in the conversation The 7th voice in the conversation The author ‘s voice giving an illustration from his/her ain universe position on the subject, which is an of import portion of the conversation. A connexion sentence or sentences where author tells reader the connexion among the voices in the conversation – replying these inquiries: do they hold, differ, or does one widen the significance of the other?

Essay on The Underworld and Morality in Vergils Aeneid

The Underworld and Morality in Vergils Aeneid Book IV of the Aeneid can stand alone as Vergils highest literary achievement, but centered in the epic, it provides a base for the entire work. The book describes Aeneass trip through the underworld, where after passing through the depths of hell, he reaches his father Anchises in the land of Elysium. Elysium is where the Soul[s] to which Fate owes Another flesh lie (115). Here Anchises delivers the prophecy of Rome to Aeneis. He is shown the great souls that will one day occupy the bodies of Romes leaders. Before the prophecy of Rome is delivered, Aeneiss journey through the underworld provides a definite ranking of souls according to their past lives on Earth. The Aeneid does not†¦show more content†¦. . ] / Lifes joyless outcasts [. . . ] / Plucked from the breast unripe (108). This probably refers to aborted and abandoned babies. A Roman mother wanting to rid herself of the burden of parenthood would certainly weigh one thousand years of wailing for her dead child again st whatever hardship she foresees in rearing that child. Next are the falsely accused. Minos presides over a silent court, where the accused forever plead their innocence. This is a call for fair justice in Roman courts. The accusers are not only sentencing an end to life on earth, but also adding a much longer punishment of grief to the accused in the afterlife. As with the babies, the punishment falls to the victim, thus encouraging the powerful to use their judgement meticulously. Further down the river, Aeneis encounters souls that have brought punishment unto themselves. First those who Dealt death unguilty, and threw away their lives (109). Suicide has often been called the most selfish of human acts; selfish to the ones who care and love for the victim, and selfish to the God that gave the victim life. The fate for suicide is constant drowning, like the constant drowning into the self that a person contemplating suicide must feel. This punishment suggests that suicide will not stop agony, but only prolong it. After the self-inflicted deaths, there are the heart broken whom Loves unpitying wound / Wasted; in death itself their pain remainsShow MoreRelated Promoting Morality in the Aeneid and Metamorphoses Essay1621 Words   |  7 PagesPromoting Morality in the Aeneid and Metamorphoses    Just as the authors of the Bible use an evocative, almost mythological vehicle to convey covenants and laws that set the moral tone for Hebrew and Christian societies, Latin poets Virgil and Ovid employ a similarly supernatural method to foster their own societal and moral goals in Roman society. Where Virgils Aeneid depicts Aeneas as the ideal, duty-bound Roman patriarch absent from the conflicted Rome of Virgils youth, Ovids MetamorphosesRead MoreThe Aeneid by Virgil1507 Words   |  6 PagesThe perception of morality is very subjective and relates heavily to what the society of the period defines as good or bad. In the Aenied, Vergil creates two characters with morally opposite values; Aenias and Dido. Aenias can be interpreted as the embodiment of what Vergil believes is right, while Dido is the embodiment of what Vergil believes to be bad. The contrast of Dido’s and Aeneas’ behavior represents the fact that Vergil’s moral values are heavily influenced by th e moral values which the